Semiconductor device with selectively etched surface passivation

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate configured to include a channel, first and second ohmic contacts supported by the semiconductor substrate, in ohmic contact with a contact region formed within the semiconductor substrate, and spaced from one another for current flow between the first and second ohmic contacts through the channel, and first and second dielectric layers supported by the semiconductor substrate. At least one of the first and second ohmic contacts extends through respective openings in the first and second dielectric layers. The second dielectric layer is disposed between the first dielectric layer and a surface of the semiconductor substrate, and the second dielectric layer includes a wet etchable material having an etch selectivity to a dry etchant of the first dielectric layer.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/652,146, filed on Jul. 17, 2017, entitled “Semiconductor Device with Selectively Etched Surface Passivation,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/827,755, filed on Aug. 17, 2015, entitled “Semiconductor Device with Selectively Etched Surface Passivation,” and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,799,760, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/533,651 filed on Jun. 26, 2012, entitled “Semiconductor Device with Selectively Etched Surface Passivation,” and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,111,868, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present embodiments relate to semiconductor devices.

BACKGROUND

Gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices have high breakdown voltages and high cutoff frequencies. Such devices are accordingly useful in high power and high efficiency amplifiers and other devices for high frequency communications and other high frequency applications. HEMT devices are also known as heterojunction field effect transistor (HFET) devices in reference to the derivation of a transistor from a heterostructure.

Aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)/GaN heterostructures are capable of high speed switching and present high breakdown voltages because of the high breakdown field strength of GaN and the high electron sheet density of the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction. The high breakdown field strength and high electron sheet density arise from the wide 3.4 eV bandgap of GaN. This bandgap is much wider than the bandgap of other semiconductor materials, such as Si (1 eV bandgap) and GaAs (1.6 eV bandgap). Such GaN heterostructures are accordingly often used in devices calling for highly efficient operation.

GaN HEMT devices have suffered from leakage current and trap-related phenomena, such as current collapse and quiescent current drift. GaN HEMT devices may degrade upon the formation of defects in an AlGaN barrier layer of the device. The defects provide a leakage path for electrons and effectively lower the Schottky barrier height of the gate. Current collapse is a frequency dispersion phenomenon, and may result from surface and buffer traps.

Field plates have been used to reduce the electric field at the gate edge. The reduction in the electric field in that region may address issues of device degradation and current collapse. GaN caps have also been used to reduce the electric field at the gate edge and improve surface morphology. Silicon nitride films have also been used to decrease the influence of surface traps in the interest of addressing current slump. Despite these efforts, gate leakage remains a problem for AlGaN/GaN HFET devices with Schottky gates.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components and the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device having selectively etched surface passivation layers in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device having selectively etched surface passivation layers, including a patterned surface passivation layer, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIGS. 3-5 are schematic, cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices with a surface passivation layer patterned in accordance with various embodiments.

FIGS. 6-8 are flow diagrams and corresponding schematic, cross-sectional views illustrating an exemplary method of fabricating a semiconductor device involving selective etching of surface passivation layers in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram and corresponding schematic, cross-sectional view illustrating an exemplary method of fabricating a semiconductor device involving selective etching of surface passivation layers in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device having selectively etched surface passivation layers without wet-etching of the surface passivation layer in contact with a semiconductor substrate in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device having selectively etched surface passivation layers and ohmic contact regions, in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram and corresponding schematic, cross-sectional views illustrating an exemplary method of fabricating a semiconductor device involving selective etching of surface passivation layers in accordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

GaN transistor devices with selectively etched surface passivation are described. The selective etching addresses damage that may otherwise occur due to reactive ion etch (RIE), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), or other dry etch procedures used in connection with gate and ohmic contact formation. Gate leakage and inconsistent ohmic contact resistance that may otherwise arise from such damage may thus be reduced. To avoid or address such problems, the disclosed devices include multiple dielectric layers for surface passivation. The multiple dielectric layers may be selectively etched in connection with the gate and/or the ohmic contacts. The surface damage may thus be avoided while still allowing the surface to be passivated in some portions of the device active area by a desired dielectric material, such as silicon nitride (Si₃N₄). For these and other reasons, the disclosed devices may have consistently lower gate leakage and ohmic contact resistances.

The selective etching of the surface passivation may include or involve different etch processing of the dielectric layers to define gate and ohmic contact areas. One dielectric layer may be wet etched, and act as an etch stop for the RIE procedure used to etch another dielectric layer. Etch damage from such RIE procedures may thus be avoided. The absence of etch damage may, in turn, reduce or eliminate gate leakage in Schottky gate HFET devices, such as AlGaN/GaN HFET devices, in which a dielectric material is deposited on the surface at or near the gate area to address current collapse. The absence of etch damage may also improve the consistency of the ohmic contact resistance.

The selective etching of the dielectric layers may alternatively or additionally include or involve the patterning of the dielectric layer configured for use as an RIE etch stop. The surface passivation in the active area may thus vary as described herein. The patterning may be used to localize the coverage of the etch stop dielectric to selected areas, such as the gate and/or ohmic contact areas and areas proximate thereto to ensure complete coverage of the gate and/or ohmic contact areas. The selective coverage of the etch stop layer may allow one or more portions of the active area to be passivated by Si₃N₄, the presence of which at the surface may help prevent current collapse. For example, such Si₃N₄-based passivation may tend to increase the doping of GaN layers because of nitrogen vacancies at the device surface. In contrast, portions of the active area in contact with or abutting the gate and/or ohmic contact areas may be passivated by the etch stop dielectric so that the etch stop dielectric may be used to protect the gate and ohmic contact areas. Such non-nitride surface passivation in areas near the gate area may be useful to avoid a reaction between Si₃N₄ and one or more Schottky metals, such as nickel, which may otherwise form a conductive nickel silicide (NiSi) layer capable of causing leakage at the device surface.

Although described below in connection with AlGaN/GaN HFET devices, the selective etching of the disclosed devices and methods is well suited for use in connection with other devices. For example, the disclosed devices may utilize a wide variety of semiconductor materials, including other types of Group III-nitride semiconductor materials such as those that contain indium (In) (e.g., InAlN and InGaN). The disclosed devices are also not limited to Group III-nitride semiconductors, and may instead include other compound semiconductor materials, such as non-nitride-based compound semiconductors including, but not limited to, gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), indium antimonide (InSb), as well as Group II-Group VI semiconductor materials.

The disclosed devices are also not limited to HFET device configurations. For example, one or more aspects of the disclosed devices and methods may be applied in connection with metal-semiconductor FET (MESFET) devices. The disclosed devices are accordingly not limited to device structures having un-doped semiconductor layers.

The disclosed devices are also not limited to device configurations directed to a particular application or a high voltage context, and may be used in contexts other than RF and power switching.

FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of an exemplary epitaxial GaN transistor device 100 having selectively etched surface passivation in accordance with one embodiment. The transistor device 100 is configured as an HEFT or HEMT device. The transistor device 100 includes a semiconductor substrate 102 in which a heterojunction structure is firmed on a base substrate 104. In this example, the base substrate 104 includes SiC. The base substrate 104 may include alternative or additional materials, such as sapphire, Si, GaN, AlN, diamond, poly-SiC, SiC on insulator, silicon on insulator, and other substantially insulating materials.

The semiconductor substrate 102 includes a number of semiconductor layers supported by the base substrate 104 and configured in a heterostructure arrangement. Each of the semiconductor layers may be a Group III-nitride semiconductor epitaxial layer. In other embodiments, one or more of the semiconductor layers is not epitaxially grown. In this example, a buffer/channel layer 106 is grown on the base substrate 104 and configured as a channel and buffer of the transistor device 100. A bottom or buffer portion 105 of the buffer/channel layer 106 may include undoped (or not intentionally doped) GaN or GaN doped with a p-type dopant such as C or Fe at a level of about 10¹⁷ to about 10¹⁹ cm-3 to render the buffer portion 105 highly resistive. In embodiments in which the bottom portion 105 is doped, the dopants may be intentionally incorporated during the first 0.1 to 1 micron of epitaxial growth. Undoped subsequent material may then be grown, albeit with the possible incorporation of doping due to “memory effects” present during growth. Alternatively, the buffer portion 105 of the buffer/channel layer 106 may include Al_(X)Ga_(1-X)N where the Al mole fraction, X, is between 0.03 and 0.06. The thickness of the buffer portion 105 may be between about 0.2 and 5 about microns. The Al_(X)Ga_(1-X)N may be doped or undoped. An upper or channel portion 107 of the buffer/channel layer 106 may be generally an undoped lower bandgap material relative to a barrier layer 108 (e.g. AlGaN), such as GaN or In_(X)Ga_(1-X)N where X is between 0 and 1. The channel portion 107 may be optimized for optimal electron transport and device speed by minimizing the amount of alloy and impurity scattering by avoiding Al-containing alloys or high levels of dopants. The channel portion 107 may have a thickness of about 0.01 to about 1 microns. The AlGaN barrier layer 108 is disposed on and adjacent to the buffer/channel layer 106, and a GaN cap layer 110 is disposed on and adjacent to the barrier layer 108. The AlGaN barrier layer 108 may have a thickness of about 30 Angstroms to about 400 Angstroms, or thicknesses in the range of about 70 Angstroms to about 250 Angstroms. The cap layer 110 defines a surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102, and may have a thickness of about 10 Angstroms to about 50 Angstroms. One or more of the buffer/channel, barrier, and/or cap layers 106, 108, 110 may be doped, un-doped, or unintentionally doped.

The stress-induced polarization resulting from epitaxial growth of the AlGaN and GaN layers develops a two-dimensional electron gas at the interface between the channel and barrier layers 106 and 108. The two-dimensional electron gas provides charge carriers for conduction during operation. The GaN cap layer 110 may provide protection for the channel and barrier layers 106 and 108 during subsequent processing steps and may be configured to lower gate leakage.

Other semiconductor materials may be used in the channel, barrier, and/or cap layers 106, 108, 110. In some cases, other Group III-nitride semiconductor materials are used. Such materials may include other binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds. For example, other materials such as InGaN may be used for the channel layer 106 that have a bandgap less than the bandgap of the barrier layer 108, as well as a higher electron affinity than the barrier layer 108. Also, In_(X)Al_(1-X)N, where X may but need not be selected to achieve a lattice match with the channel portion 107 of the buffer/channel layer 106, may be used for the barrier layer 108. One or more of the channel, barrier, and/or cap layers 106, 108, 110 may be a composite layer.

In other embodiments, additional semiconductor layers may be incorporated into the heterostructure arrangement. For example, buffer, nucleation, and/or transition semiconductor layers may be included in the semiconductor substrate 102. For instance, an AlN interbarrier layer may be used between the barrier layer 108 and the buffer/channel layer 106.

One or more isolation regions 114 are formed in the semiconductor substrate 102 to define an active area 116 along the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102. The isolation regions 114 may be formed via an implantation procedure configured to damage the epitaxial and/or other semiconductor layers of the semiconductor substrate 102. The configuration and/or fabrication of the isolation regions 114 may vary. For example, the isolation regions 114 may be configured as isolation trenches filled with one or more dielectric materials. In alternative embodiments, the active area 116 of the transistor device 100 is defined via a mesa-etched structure supported by the base substrate 104 and configured to define the heterojunction active area. The semiconductor substrate 102 may thus include such mesa-etched and other semiconductor structures. A number of alignment marks 118 may be formed along the surface 112 outside of the active area 116.

The transistor device 100 includes a gate 120 supported by the semiconductor substrate 102 to control current flow through the buffer/channel layer 106 in the active area 116. In this example, the gate 120 is configured as a Schottky gate and is disposed on the cap layer 110. A variety of materials may be used to form the Schottky contact of the gate 120, such as one or more of nickel (Ni), platinum (Pt), nickel silicide (NiSi_(x)), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), or other suitable materials. The gate 120 may be T-shaped, with a vertically oriented stem as shown. In other embodiments, the gate may be recessed stopping in the AlGaN barrier layer or on an AlN interbarrier layer between the AlGaN barrier layer 108 and the buffer/channel layer 106.

The gate 120 is disposed between a pair of ohmic contacts 122 supported by the semiconductor substrate 102 in the active area 116. The ohmic contacts 122 are spaced from one another to define terminals (e.g., source and drain terminals) of the transistor device 100 between which current flows when the channel is formed by a suitable gate control voltage applied to the gate 120. In this example, the ohmic contacts 122 are disposed on the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102 and are thus deposited on the cap layer 110. In other embodiments, the ohmic contacts 122 are formed in recesses in the semiconductor substrate 102, in which case the ohmic contacts may be deposited on, for instance, the barrier layer 108.

The transistor device 100 includes multiple dielectric layers supported by the semiconductor substrate 102 and configured for surface passivation. A first dielectric layer 124 extends across the active area 116 between the ohmic contacts 122. The dielectric layer 124 may extend beyond the active area 116 as shown. The dielectric layer 124 includes an opening 126 in which the gate 120 is disposed to establish the Schottky junction at the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102. The dielectric layer 124 includes further openings 128 in which the ohmic contacts 122 are disposed.

In this example, the dielectric layer 124 includes low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) Si₃N₄. Alternative or additional dielectric materials may be used in the dielectric layer 124. In some cases, a layer of Si₃N₄ may be deposited via a non-LPCVD procedure. Alternatively, Si₃N₄ may be deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), sputtering, or atomic layer deposition may be used to form the dielectric layer 124. Other materials such as silicon dioxide (SiO₂), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon oxy-nitride (SiON) may be used to form the dielectric layer 124 using a variety of techniques, such as LPCVD, PECVD, sputtering, or atomic layer deposition. The dielectric layer 124 may be formed in a multi-layer stack using a variety of materials and techniques, including, for instance, one or more of those referenced above.

A second dielectric layer 130 is disposed between the dielectric layer 124 and the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102. The first dielectric layer 124 is spaced from the surface 112 by the second dielectric layer 130. The first dielectric layer 124 may be considered an upper or primary passivation layer, and the second dielectric layer 130 may be considered a lower or intermediary passivation layer. In this embodiment, the second dielectric layer 130 extends across the active area 116 to passivate the entire surface 112 in the active area 116, including those portions of the surface 112 over the channel layer 106. The second dielectric layer 130 extends along or covers the surface 112 with the exception of an opening 132 for the gate 120 and openings 134 for the ohmic contacts 122. The gate 120 is disposed in the openings 126 and 132 to establish a Schottky junction at the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102, while each ohmic contact 122 is disposed in a respective pair of the openings 128 and 134.

The second dielectric layer 130 may be configured as an etch stop layer that also acts as a surface passivation layer. In some embodiments, the second dielectric layer 130 includes a wet etchable material having an etch selectivity to a dry etchant of the first dielectric layer 124. For example, the second dielectric layer 130 may include one or more materials with etch selectivity to fluorine- or fluoride-based and/or other RIE processes used to dry etch Si₃N₄. Suitable dry etchants include Tetrafluoromethane (CF₄), hexafluoroethane (C₂F₆), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆). Depending on the etch conditions, oxygen and/or argon may be combined with the dry etchants to prevent polymer formation during the dry etch procedure. The second dielectric layer 130 may thus block the dry etchant from reaching the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102 during formation of the openings 126 and 128. In one example, the second dielectric layer 130 may include aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) deposited via an atomic layer deposition (ALD), CVD, or other procedures, some of which may involve temperatures of, e.g., about 200 to about 400° C. The Al₂O₃ layer may have a thickness that falls in range from about 3 nm to about 40 nm. In other embodiments, the second dielectric layer 130 may be deposited in-situ after (e.g., immediately after) the semiconductor substrate 102 is complete, but before the semiconductor substrate 102 is exposed to ambient conditions (e.g., outside the deposition chamber). Such deposition may be done using CVD, MBE, or MOCVD. For example, the dielectric layer 130 may include a single amorphous AlN, HfO₂, or Al₂O₃ layer. The dielectric layer may also include a multi-layer stack in which the Al₂O₃ or AlN layer has a SiN or SiO₂ layer deposited as a top layer for surface protection during processing. In these embodiments, the deposition temperature may be about 200° C. to about 800° C., however, deposition temperatures for the dielectric layer disposed on or in contact with the semiconductor substrate 102 may be less than 600° C. In one example, if the first dielectric layer 124 is selectively etched via a dry etch procedure, e.g., using fluorine- or fluoride-based plasma etchants, the Al₂O₃ in the second dielectric layer 130 stops the etchant at better than 50:1 etch selectivity to Si₃N₄.

The second dielectric layer 130 may then be etched to form the openings 132 and 134 using a wet etch procedure configured to avoid damage to the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102. A number of different wet etch processes may be used. In one example, a buffered oxide etch (BOE) procedure is implemented to define the openings 132 and 134. In Al₂O₃ embodiments, the second dielectric layer 130 may alternatively be removed using a wet etch procedure involving diluted HF.

Additional or alternative dielectric materials may be incorporated into, or used as, the second dielectric layer 130. The additional or alternative materials may also have an etch selectivity to block an etchant of the first dielectric layer 124. One such additional or alternative dielectric material is hafnium oxide (HfO₂). The second dielectric layer 130 may include a mixture of Al₂O₃ and HfO₂, discrete layers of Al₂O₃ and HfO₂, or other combination arrangements. The second dielectric layer 130 is not limited to etch resistant materials. For example, the etch stop dielectric layer may include a dielectric stack including a lower or bottom layer of SiO₂ and an upper or top layer of Al₂O₃ and/or HfO₂. The bottom layer may be configured for compatibility with the semiconductor material (e.g., GaN) at the surface 112. The top layer may include SiN to protect the wafer during subsequent processing steps. The resistance to etchants of the material(s) in the second dielectric layer 130 may thus vary.

The second dielectric layer 130 may be configured to provide surface passivation in the active area 116. For example, use of Al₂O₃ in the second dielectric layer 130 provides the passivation function due to the high thermal and chemical stabilities of Al₂O₃.

In alternative embodiments, one or more additional dielectric layers may be disposed along the surface 112 in the active area 116. Such layer(s) may be disposed between the first and second dielectric layers 124, 130, below the first and second dielectric layers 124, 130 adjacent the surface 116, or above the first and second dielectric layers 124, 130 in contact with and above the first dielectric layer 124.

The selective etching of the first and second dielectric layers 124, 130 allows both the gate 120 and the ohmic contacts 122 to be formed in a manner that avoids damage to the surface 112 of the semiconductor substrate 102. Damage is avoided by following up the dry etching of the first dielectric layer 124 with a wet etch of the second dielectric layer 130. The wet etch of the areas for both the ohmic contacts 122 and the gate 120 may thus provide low ohmic contact resistance and low gate leakage, respectively. The wet etch for the gate area 120 may be omitted in embodiments in which the transistor device has a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) gate configuration as shown and described below in connection with the embodiment depicted in FIG. 10.

The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 includes a number of other structures to facilitate connections to the gate 120 and the ohmic contacts 122. For instance, the transistor device 100 may include a patterned metal layer 136 for connections to the ohmic contacts 122. In this example, the metal layer 136 is also used to define the gate 120. A second metal layer 138 may then be defined as shown. One or more inter-layer dielectric (ILD) layers 140 may be deposited to isolate the metal layers 136, 138 and/or for device passivation. In this example, the transistor device 100 also includes a field plate 142 deposited between the ILD layers 140 to shield the gate 120 from high voltages applied to one of the ohmic contacts 122 acting as, for instance, a drain terminal of the transistor device 100.

The embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2-5 show how the etch stop layer, e.g., the second dielectric layer 130, may be patterned in further selective etching of the surface passivation layers. With such patterning, the area(s) in which surface passivation is achieved via the etch stop layer may be localized. For example, the etch stop layer may be limited to areas or portions of the active area in the vicinity of the openings for the gate and/or ohmic contacts. Other portions of the active area may thus be covered and passivated by the other dielectric layer (e.g., a Si₃N₄ layer). Such patterning may retain one or more of the advantages of the wet-etched dielectric layer (e.g., Al₂O₃) while allowing for the benefits of other surface passivation layers in areas spaced from gate and/or ohmic contact areas. For example, allowing Si₃N₄ to passivate the surface of the semiconductor substrate may be useful in embodiments having a Group III-nitride semiconductor material such as GaN defining the surface. The presence of LPCVD Si₃N₄ at the surface tends to dope the surface n-type from, e.g., nitrogen vacancies due to the sublimation of GaN, which may occur at temperatures around 675° C. Such extra n-type doping reduces the onset of current collapse in the device. Further details regarding the use of surface passivation of GaN-based transistor devices is set forth in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0241419 (“Transistor and Method with Dual Layer Passivation”). Limiting the lateral extension of the etch stop dielectric beyond the gate area and/or ohmic contact areas may also be useful to the extent that, for instance, a possibility of charge buildup in Al₂O₃ exists. In some cases, the etch stop layer is only present between the gate and drain, as shown and described below in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 4. With no Al₂O₃ in the source region at all, the configuration may be useful for minimizing source resistance. Using LPCVD Si₃N₄ only in the source region may minimize contact resistance because LPCVD Si₃N₄ passivated material has lower sheet resistance than Al₂O₃ passivated material.

FIG. 2 depicts another exemplary epitaxial GaN transistor device 200 having selectively etched dielectric layers for surface passivation. The transistor device 200 may include a semiconductor substrate 202 having epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layers to define a channel, barrier layer, and cap layer, as described above. A number of other components of the transistor device 200 may be configured in a manner similar to the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1. For example, the epitaxial semiconductor layers may be grown on a similar base substrate to define a surface 204 of the semiconductor substrate 202, and isolated to define an active area 206 of the transistor device 200. The surface 204 is passivated by a dielectric layer 208 (e.g., Si₃N₄) and a patterned etch stop layer 210 (e.g., Al₂O₃). As described above, the dielectric layer 208 may be dry etched (e.g., using Fluorine-based chemistry) and the etch stop layer 210 may be wet etched to define openings for a gate 212 and ohmic contacts 214.

The patterning of the etch stop layer 210 determines which of the two dielectric layers and, thus, which dielectric material is used to passivate the surface 204 in a particular area. In this example, the etch stop layer 210 is disposed between the dielectric layer 208 and the surface 204 in areas 216, 218, and 220. Each area 216, 218, 220 corresponds with a portion of the active area 206 disposed over a channel of the transistor device 200. The areas 216, 220 may be adjacent to or abut a respective one of the ohmic contacts 214 (or the openings in which the contacts are disposed), while the area 218 may be adjacent to or abut the gate 12 (or the opening in which the gate 212 is disposed). The patterning of the etch stop layer 210 may thus limit the use of the etch stop to such areas in and around the gate 212 and the ohmic contacts 214. The remaining portion or portions of the surface 204 may be passivated by the dielectric layer 208. In this example, the dielectric layer 208 is disposed on the surface 204 in areas 222 and 224, which correspond with portions of the active area 206 over the channel between the gate 212 and the ohmic contacts 214. The areas 222 and 224 are accordingly spaced from the gate by the area 218, and from the ohmic contacts 214 by the area 216 or the area 220. The etch selectivity of the etch stop layer 210 protects the surface 204 in the openings for the gate 212 and the ohmic contacts from damage that would otherwise arise from the etchant of the dielectric layer 208.

The areas in which the etch stop layers of the disclosed devices are removed for Si₃N₄ or other surface passivation may vary. For example, the extent to which the etch stop layer extends beyond the area of the opening of the gate or ohmic contact may be customized, and may differ based on the device terminal. As shown in the examples described below, the etch stop layer may extend across the area between one of the ohmic contacts and the gate, while an area between the other ohmic contact and the gate is passivated by the other dielectric layer.

FIG. 3 depicts another exemplary transistor device 300 in which a dielectric layer 302 passivates a surface 304 of a semiconductor substrate 306 in a selected portion of an active area 308. The portion in this example is an area 310 between a gate 312 and one of a pair of ohmic contacts 314. To that end, an etch stop layer 316 is patterned to allow the surface 304 to be passivated by the dielectric layer 302 in the area 310. The etch stop layer 316 may include Al₂O₃ and the dielectric layer 302 may include Si₃N₄ as described above. The etch stop layer 316 may passivate the surface 304 in areas 318 and 320 in contact with or abutting the openings for the gate 312 and one of the ohmic contacts 314, respectively. The area 310 is spaced from the gate 312 and the ohmic contact 314 by the areas 318, 320, respectively. Unlike the embodiment of FIG. 2, however, the dielectric layer 302 is not disposed on or adjacent the surface 304 between the gate 312 and the other ohmic contact 314, in that area, the etch stop layer 316 passivates the surface 304.

FIGS. 4 and 5 depict further examples of etch stop layer patterning for selective surface passivation in transistor devices 400 and 500, respectively. The examples show that the patterning of the etch stop layer is not limited to configurations in which the Si₃N₄ layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate only in an area (or areas) spaced from and between the pair of ohmic contacts. The patterning may instead remove the etch stop dielectric from areas (or portions of the active area) abutting one or both of the areas in which the openings for the ohmic contacts are formed.

In FIG. 4, an etch stop layer 402 is patterned such that the etch stop layer 402 does not abut an ohmic contact 404, which may be configured as a source terminal of the transistor device 400. The etch stop layer 402 may be removed entirely from the area in and around the ohmic contact 404. Alternatively, the etch stop layer 402 may be patterned such that the only remaining portion corresponds with the area to be defined as the opening for the ohmic contact 404. The etch stop layer 402 may thus protect the surface in the ohmic contact area during dry etch removal of a dielectric layer 406, such as Si₃N₄ as described above. In either case, the etch stop layer 402 does not extend beyond the ohmic contact 404 after formation of the ohmic contact 404. Instead, the dielectric layer 406 is thus disposed on the surface in an area 408 abutting the ohmic contact 404. In contrast, the surface is covered by the etch stop layer 402 in an area 410 between a gate 412 and another ohmic contact 414 (e.g., a drain terminal of the transistor device 400). Thus, the etch stop layer 402 abuts the ohmic contact 414. The lateral extent of the etch stop layer 402 in the area 408 may vary. For example, the etch stop layer 402 may either terminate under an overhang 409 or extend past the overhang 409.

In FIG. 5, the patterning of an etch stop layer 502 allows a dielectric layer 504 to be disposed on the surface over a wider area 506. The area 506 abuts an ohmic contact 508 as in the example of FIG. 4. The ohmic contact 508 may be configured as a drain terminal of the transistor device 500 in this case. Analogous to the description of the transistor device 400 in FIG. 4, the etch stop layer 502 may be patterned to terminate under or beyond an overhang 509 in an area 512 near a gate 510. The extent to which the dielectric layer 504 passivates the surface is thus increased in an area 512 near the gate 510 (e.g., under the overhang 509). The etch stop layer 502 may still cover the portion of the active area in which the opening for another ohmic contact 514 (e.g., a source contact) is eventually formed. In the example of FIG. 5 (and any other embodiments), alignment marks 516 may be used to align the patterning of the etch stop layer with an ohmic contact opening.

The structure, materials, positioning, and other characteristics of a number of the above-referenced components may vary from the examples shown in the foregoing. For example, as shown in the GaN transistor device 1100, depicted in FIG. 11, the ohmic contacts of the above-described devices may be fabricated using implanted contact regions.

FIG. 11 depicts a cross sectional schematic view of an embodiment of the GaN transistor device 1100 analogous to the GaN transistor device 100 of FIG. 1. The GaN transistor device 1100 may include a semiconductor substrate 1102 and isolation regions 1114 that define an active area 1116 analogous to the isolation regions 114 and active area 116 of GaN transistor device 100 of FIG. 1. Alignment marks 1118 may be formed in the isolation regions 1114 along a surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1103. A first dielectric layer 1124 and a second dielectric layer 1130 may be disposed over semiconductor substrate 1102. Openings 1128 and 1134 may be formed in the first dielectric layer 1124 and the second dielectric layer 1130, respectively. Ohmic contact electrodes 1122 may be formed in openings 1128 and 1134 over contact regions 1121 formed in the semiconductor substrate 1102 in the active area 1116. In an embodiment, the ohmic contact electrodes 1122 may contact the contact regions, forming an ohmic contact. Gate openings 1126 and 1132 may be formed laterally adjacent to and between the contact regions 1121 in the semiconductor substrate 1102 and the ohmic contacts 1122 in first dielectric layer 1124 and second dielectric layer 1130, respectively. A gate 1120 may be formed in the gate openings 1126 and 1132 and supported by the semiconductor substrate in the active area 1116. In an embodiment, the gate 1120 may be directly contacted by the surface 1112 of semiconductor substrate 1102, forming a Schottky contact. In other embodiments (not shown), the second dielectric layer 1130 or other suitable dielectric may be used to form a gate dielectric between the gate 1120 and the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102 analogous to the example metal insulator semiconductor field effect transistor (MISFET) device of FIG. 10.

Analogous to the semiconductors substrate 102 of FIG. 1, the semiconductor substrate 1102 may include a base substrate 1103, a buffer/channel layer 1106 disposed over the base substrate 1103, and a barrier layer 1108 disposed over the buffer/channel layer 1106, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the base substrate 1103 may include the same materials used to form the base substrate 103 of FIG. 1. The buffer/channel layer 1106 may include a lower buffer portion 1105 and a channel portion 1107. The lower buffer portion 1105 may include the same materials used to form the buffer portion 105 of FIG. 1.

In an embodiment, and analogous to the channel layer 107 of FIG. 1, the channel portion 1107 may include GaN, InGaN, or AlGaN layers in combination or alone. In an embodiment where GaN and/or InGaN are used in combination, and in a view 1150, the channel portion 1107 may include a channel region 1117 and a near-channel back barrier region 1127 disposed under the channel region 1117. The channel region 1117 may include GaN and the near-channel back barrier region 1127 may include InGaN, AlGaN, or other suitable materials. According to an embodiment, the near-channel back barrier region 1127 may be formed in a lower portion of the channel portion 1107 adjacent the buffer portion 1105. In an embodiment, the near-channel back barrier region 1127 may be grown in contact with the lower buffer portion 1105. In other embodiments (not shown), other layers may be formed between the near-channel back barrier region 1127 and the lower buffer portion 1105. The near-channel back barrier region 1127 of the channel portion 1107 may include an In_(X)Ga_(1-X)N layer where X may be between about 0.05 to about 0.15, according to an embodiment. In other embodiments, X may be between 0.02 and 0.5. Other larger or smaller values of X may be used, as well. The thickness of the near-channel back barrier region may be between about 10 and about 50 angstroms, according to an embodiment. In other embodiments, the near-channel back barrier region may be between about 5 and about 500 angstroms. Other larger or smaller thicknesses of the near-channel back barrier region may be used, as well. In an embodiment, the channel region 1117 may be formed in an upper portion of the channel portion 1107 adjacent the barrier portion 1108. The channel region 1117 may include GaN or other suitable materials. The thickness of channel region 1117 may be between about 50 angstroms and about 150 angstroms, according to an embodiment. In other embodiments, channel region 1127 may be between 10 angstroms and 1000 angstroms. Other larger or smaller values for the thickness of the channel region 1127 may be used as well. In some embodiments, and analogous with channel portion 107 of FIG. 1, GaN or In_(X)Ga_(1-X)N may be used as a single layer to form the channel portion 1107.

In an embodiment, the barrier layer 1108 may include the same materials (e.g. AlGaN) used to form the barrier layer 1108 of FIG. 1. The thickness of barrier layer 1108 may take values between about 50 angstroms and about 150 angstroms, according to an embodiment. In other embodiments, the thickness of the barrier layer 1108 may between about 10 angstroms and about 250 angstroms. Other smaller or larger thicknesses of the barrier layer 1108 may be used, as well. Analogous to the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1, an AlN interbarrier layer may be used between the barrier layer 1108 and the buffer/channel layer 1106. In an embodiment, a cap layer 1110 analogous to the cap layer 110 of the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1 may be disposed over the barrier layer 1108. In some embodiments, the cap layer 1110 may include the same material used to form the barrier layer 1108 (e.g. AlGaN). In other embodiments, the cap layer 1110 may be omitted (not shown).

In an embodiment, the first and second dielectric layers 1124 and 1130 may be disposed over the semiconductor wafer 1102. The first dielectric layer 1124, analogous to the first dielectric layer 124 of the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1 may include the same materials (e.g. LPCVD Si₃N₄) used to form the first dielectric layer 124 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment. Likewise, in an embodiment, the second dielectric layer 1130 may include the same materials (e.g. ALD Al₂O₃) used to form the second dielectric layer 130 of FIG. 1. Analogous to the second dielectric layer 130 of the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1, the second dielectric layer 1130 may include materials (e.g. Al₂O₃) to be configured as an etch stop layer.

According to an embodiment, the ohmic contact electrodes 1122 may be coupled to the contact regions 1121 formed in the semiconductor substrate 1102. In an embodiment, the contact regions 1121 may extend from the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102 and into one or more of the cap layer 1110, the barrier layer 1108, and the channel region 1117. In an embodiment, the contact regions 1121 may be formed by implanting a dopant species into the semiconductor substrate 1102. In an embodiment, the contact regions may be doped with an n-type dopant. In an embodiment the n-type dopant may include one or more of Si, Ge, or other suitable dopant(s). In an embodiment, the n-type dopant may have a concentration between about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and about 10²⁰ cm⁻³ although other higher or lower dopant concentrations may be used. In other embodiments, the contact regions may be doped with a p-type dopant. In an embodiment, the p type dopant may include Mg or other suitable p-type dopants in GaN. In an embodiment, the p-type dopant may have a concentration between about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and about 10²⁰ cm⁻³ although other higher or lower dopant concentrations may be used. In an embodiment, a recessed portion 1125 of the contact regions 1121 may be disposed below the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102. In an embodiment, the recessed portion may extend from the surface 1112 through the cap layer 1110. In other embodiments, the recessed portion 1125 may extend through the cap layer and partially into the barrier layer. In still other embodiments, the recessed portion may extend from the surface 1112 through the cap layer 1110, barrier layer 1108, and into the channel layer 1107. Without departing from the scope of the inventive subject matter, the recessed portion may extend below the channel layer 1107. In an embodiment, the recessed region 1125 may be within the contact region. In other embodiments, the recessed region 1125 may extend below the contact region. In an embodiment, the recessed portion is between about 2 nm and about 50 nm below the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102. In other embodiments, the recessed portion is between about 1 nm and about 150 nm below the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102. In an embodiment, the first and second dielectric layers 1124 and 1130 may be disposed over a portion of the recessed region not contacted by the ohmic contact electrodes 1122.

According to an embodiment, the ohmic contact electrodes 1122 may be formed from one or more metal layers that may be annealed to form an ohmic contact with the contact regions 1121. The one or more metal layers used to form the ohmic contact electrodes 1122 may include one or more of Ti, Al, molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), Si, Germanium (Ge), Ni, Au, or other suitable materials. In an embodiment the ohmic contact electrodes may include Ti and Al.

According to an embodiment, the gate 1120 may be disposed between the pair of ohmic contacts 1122 supported by the semiconductor substrate 1102 in the active area 1116. The ohmic contacts 1122 are spaced from one another to define terminals (e.g., source and drain terminals) of the transistor device 1100 between which current flows when the channel is formed by a suitable gate control voltage applied to the gate 1120.

In an embodiment, the gate 1120 may be disposed within the openings 1126 and 1132 in the first and second dielectric layers, 1124 and 1130, respectively. In an embodiment, the openings 1126 and 1132 are configured to create vertical side walls (i.e. an approximately 90-degree angle 1123 between the stem of gate 1120 and the strike 1112) where the gate 1120 contacts the first and second dielectric layers. In other embodiments, and in a view 1160, the openings 1126 and 1132 are sloped such that the openings 1126 and 1132 creates an angle 1123 of less than 90 degrees between the stem of the gate 1120 and the surface 1112 of the semiconductor substrate 1102. In an embodiment, the sloped sidewall may reduce the electric field at the edge of the gate. In an embodiment, the gate 1120 may be disposed directly on the GaN cap 1110, analogous to the configuration of FIG. 1 wherein the gate 1120 is disposed over the GaN cap 1110. In other embodiments (not shown) gate 1120 may be formed directly on the AlGaN barrier layer 1108. In these embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 1102 may not include the GaN cap layer 1110. In other embodiments (not shown), the semiconductor substrate 1102 may include a GaN cap layer 1110, but the GaN cap layer may be removed by recess etching in the region under gate 1120. Analogous to the transistor 100 of FIG. 1, embodiments of the GaN transistor device 1100 may include additional components such as ILD layers 1140, a metal layer 1136, and a second metal layer 1138. These components are analogous in form and function to ILD layers 140, the metal layer 136, and the second metal layer 138 of the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1. It should be appreciated that the embodiments of GaN transistor 1100 are exemplary and that other embodiments not shown are included in the inventive subject matter. For example, an embodiment (not shown) of GaN transistor device 1100 may include a field plate analogous to the field plate 142 of the transistor device 100 of FIG. 1. In other embodiments (not shown), the GaN transistor device 1100 may include patterned second dielectric layers (e.g. Al₂O₃) analogous to transistor devices 200-500 of FIGS. 2-5.

FIGS. 6-8 and 12 show exemplary methods of device fabrication involving selectively etched surface passivation according to embodiments of the inventive subject matter. As described above, the device fabrication method may address a number of challenges for HFET or HEMT devices, including gate leakage and/or ohmic contact resistance. The method includes a sequence of acts, only the salient of which are depicted for convenience in illustration. For example, the method may include a number of acts directed to preparing a base substrate for the assembly method. The ordering of the acts may vary in other embodiments. For example, an isolation implant procedure may be implemented after the annealing of the ohmic contacts.

The method may begin with an act 600 in which a number of epitaxial semiconductor layers are grown on a base substrate (e.g., SiC). The epitaxial semiconductor layers may be grown via one or more techniques, including, for instance, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The growth of the epitaxial semiconductor layers includes defining a channel of the semiconductor device in a semiconductor substrate. In this example, the channel is defined by growing GaN or another suitable epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layer on the base substrate. One or more additional epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layers may be grown on the GaN channel layer to define, for instance, a barrier layer and a cap layer. With the growth of these and/or other semiconductor layers, the surface of the semiconductor substrate is defined for an active area of the semiconductor device. One or more of the channel, barrier, and/or cap layers may be deposited via non-epitaxial techniques.

Passivation of the surface begins with the deposition of an etch stop dielectric layer on the surface across the active area in act 602. The etch stop dielectric layer may include Al₂O₃. In one example, the surface (e.g., a GaN surface) is covered with a layer of Al₂O₃ having a thickness of about 3 nm to about 40 nm, or a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm. The act 602 may include the deposition of alternative etch stop materials (HfO₂) and/or additional dielectric materials (SiO₂). For example, the etch stop dielectric layer may include a dielectric stack including a lower or bottom layer of SiO₂ or other wet-etchable dielectric film and an upper or top layer of Al₂O₃ and/or HfO₂. The deposition of the etch stop dielectric layer(s) may be implemented via atomic layer deposition (ALD), PECVD, sputtering, evaporation, LPCVD, electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) deposition, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), hot-wire CVD (HWCVD), catalytic CVD (CAT-CVD), MOCVD, MBE, HVPE, or other suitable procedure including deposition of these materials in-situ after (e.g., immediately after) epitaxial layer growth as in act 600, but before exposure to ambient conditions.

In act 604, the surface passivation continues with the deposition of a passivation layer on the etch stop dielectric layer. The passivation layer may include Si₃N₄ deposited via a LPCVD procedure. The passivation layer extends across the active area over the channel. In some embodiments, the Si₃N₄ is deposited via a technique other than an LPCVD procedure or may include more than one layer deposited by one or more techniques. For example, atomic layer deposition (ALD), PECVD, sputtering, evaporation, LPCVD, electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) deposition, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), hot-wire CVD (HWCVD), catalytic CVD (CAT-CVD), MOCVD, MBE, HVPE or other suitable procedures including deposition of these materials may be used. In addition, surface passivation act 604 may take place after (e.g., immediately after) act 602 in the same deposition tool, but before exposure to ambient conditions. Materials including the epitaxial semiconductor layers, etch stop layers, and passivation layers deposited during acts 600, 602, and 604 may be deposited in-situ in the same or separate chambers of one tool without exposing the semiconductor substrate to ambient conditions.

The LPCVD procedure may be configured to avoid crystallization of the etch stop dielectric layer. For example, the etch stop layer may begin to crystallize at about 800° C. for Al₂O₃. Unfortunately, the quality of LPCVD Si₃N₄ may begin to degrade at about that temperature, with significant decreases in quality possible by about 700° C. The LPCVD procedure may thus be implemented at a temperature between about 700° C. and about 800° C. In some embodiments, the LPCVD temperature is about 750° C. In other embodiments, the LPCVD procedure may be implemented between about 600° C. and about 750° C.

The active area is defined in act 606 via patterning of a photoresist layer and implantation of isolation regions. A number of alignment marks may be deposited outside of the active area before the implantation. The alignment marks may be formed using Si, Titanium-Platinum (Ti—Pt) or other combination or material that provides suitable optical contrast or electron diffraction for e-beam alignment and withstands high temperature anneals. The alignment marks are schematically shown, such that the positioning of the alignment marks is not necessarily above or otherwise aligned with the isolation region. After the isolation implant and alignment mark deposition, the photoresist may then be removed.

In act 608, ohmic contact areas may be defined by dry etching the LPCVD Si₃N₄ of the passivation layer. In preparation for the dry etch or RIE procedure, a layer of photoresist is applied and patterned as shown. Various plasma etchants may then be used to remove the passivation layer, including, for instance, Fluorine-based etchants, such as SF6, CF4, etc. In some cases, the etch procedure forms aluminum fluoride (AlF) on the surface of the Al₂O₃ layer, thereby stopping the SiN etch. The dry etch procedure may be implemented at a sufficiently low power level (e.g., corresponding with about 30 to about 100 Volts DC bias) to avoid remote damage to the underlying layers (e.g., by passing through the Al₂O₃ etch stop layer).

Once the openings in the LFCVD Si₃N₄ of the passivation layer are formed, the etch stop dielectric layer may be removed in the ohmic contact areas via a wet etch procedure in act 610. Various wet etchants may be used, including, for instance, hydrofluoric acid (HF), BOE, and hot hydrochloric acid (HCl). One or more etchants may be used in connection with embodiments having a dielectric stack beneath the LPCVD Si₃N₄ layer. In addition, the ohmic contacts may be recessed using Cl-based chemistry such as chlorine (Cl₂), boron tri-chloride (BCl₃), silicon tetra-chloride (SiCl₄) or other suitable dry or wet chemistry that etches Group III-V nitrides.

In act 612, the ohmic contacts are formed in the ohmic contact areas. One or more ohmic contact metals and/or other materials are deposited in the opening via evaporation, sputtering, or other procedures. For example, the procedure may include evaporating silicon to cover the surface of the semiconductor substrate in the contact area before one or more metals may be evaporated (e.g., Ti and Al), thereby forming a silicide at the interface. Once the metal layers are deposited, a lift-off is implemented to remove the photoresist and metals from outside of the ohmic contact areas. Formation of the ohmic contacts may then include the implementation of an anneal procedure. In one embodiment, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 825° C. In another embodiment, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 800° C. In still other embodiments, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 750° C. The anneal time is optimized to reduce ohmic contact resistance and may last between about 30 and about 90 seconds, although shorter or longer times may be used.

The configuration, materials, and other characteristics of the ohmic contacts may be selected to allow the anneal temperature to stay below the crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer. Implementing the anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than 800° C. may avoid such crystallization and thus the creation of leakage paths. In some cases, the quality of the etch stop dielectric material may begin to degrade at about 800° C. The annealing temperature may thus be set between about 700° C. and about 800° C., a range in which low-temperature ohmic contact configurations remain available. In some embodiments, the anneal temperature is about 750° C. to match the temperature of the LPCVD procedure described above. For instance, the formation of the ohmic contact may include creating a recess in the semiconductor substrate before the evaporation of ohmic contact materials. Alternative or additional materials may be used, including the evaporation of Silicon tetrachloride into a recess, or the evaporation of tantalum (Ta) as a first metal layer instead of titanium (Ti).

FIG. 12 depicts a number of acts directed to an alternate method for forming an ohmic contact for a device (e.g., an ohmic contact of the GaN transistor device 1100 embodiment of FIG. 11). Analogous to act 600 of FIG. 6, the method may begin with an act 1200 in which a number of epitaxial semiconductor layers are grown on a base substrate (e.g., SiC). The epitaxial semiconductor layers may be grown via one or more techniques, including, for instance, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The growth of the epitaxial semiconductor layers includes defining a channel of the semiconductor device in a semiconductor substrate. In this example, the channel is defined by growing GaN or another suitable epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layer on the base substrate. One or more additional epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layers may be grown on the GaN channel layer to define, for instance, a barrier layer and a cap layer. With the growth of these and/or other semiconductor layers, the surface of the semiconductor substrate is defined for an active area of the semiconductor device. One or more of the channel, barrier, and/or cap layers may be deposited via non-epitaxial techniques.

Referring again to FIG. 12, and in act 1202, an embodiment of the method may include depositing an implant mask layer over the semiconductor substrate. The implant mask layer may include one or more of Si₃N₄, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, AlN, or other suitable materials. In one example, the surface (e.g., a GaN surface) is covered with a layer of Al₂O₃ having a thickness of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, or a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm. In another example, the surface (e.g., a GaN surface) is covered with a layer of SiN having a thickness of about 5 nm to about 100 nm, or a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 30 nm. In further examples, the implant mask layer may include multiple layer (e.g. SiN and Al₂O₃). Implant masks with multiple layers may include SiN that contacts the surface with the Al₂O₃ deposited over the SiN. Alternatively, Al₂O₃ may cover the surface and the Si₃N₄ may be deposited over the Al₂O₃. The deposition of the implant mask layer(s) may be implemented via atomic layer deposition (ALD), PECVD, sputtering, evaporation, LPCVD, electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) deposition, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), hot-wire CVD (HWCVD), catalytic CVD (CAT-CVD), MOCVD, MBE, HVPE, or other suitable procedure including deposition of these materials in-situ after (e.g., immediately after) epitaxial layer growth as in act 1200, but before exposure to ambient conditions.

Referring again to FIG. 12, and in act 1204, an embodiment of the method may include patterning contact regions and implanting a dopant species through the implant mask into the semiconductor substrate to form the contact regions within the semiconductor substrate and patterning alignment marks. According to an embodiment, a photo resist layer may be disposed over the implant mask layer and patterned using photolithography. Once the photo resist layer is patterned, a dopant species may be implanted through the implant mask layer and into the semiconductor substrate, in an embodiment, Si, Ge, O, or other suitable n-type dopant may be implanted into the semiconductor substrate through the implant mask. In an embodiment, an implant dosage of between about 1e14 cm⁻² and 1e16 cm⁻². In other embodiments, implant dosages between about 1e13 cm⁻² and 1e17 cm⁻², may be used, though other higher or lower implant dosages may be used. In an embodiment, and for an implant mask thickness of between about 10 and 100 nm, an implant energy of between about 30 keV and 500 keV may be used. In some embodiments, alignment mark patterns may be included in the photo resist layer used to pattern the contact regions. Following the implantation step, and while leaving the contact region photo resist intact, a separate masking step (not shown) may be used to cover the contact regions and leave the alignment mark patterns exposed. Alignment marks may then be etched in the semiconductor substrate for aligning the contact regions to subsequent mask layers.

Referring again to FIG. 12 and act 1206, an embodiment of the method may include activating the dopant species to complete the formation of the contact regions within the semiconductor substrate, and then removing the implant mask. According to an embodiment, the dopant species may be activated by annealing the semiconductor substrate using an activation anneal at a temperature of between about 900° C. and about 1500° C. In other embodiments, the dopant species may be activated by annealing the semiconductor substrate at a temperature of between about 1000° C., and about 1200° C. In an embodiment, the duration of the activation anneal may be between about 30 seconds and about 3,000 seconds. In other embodiments, the duration of the activation anneal may be between about 60 seconds and about 300 seconds. In an embodiment, the activation anneal may be performed in a nitrogen ambient. In other embodiments, the activation anneal may be performed in a hydrogen ambient. In an embodiment, the implant mask may be removed after the activation anneal to prevent leakage due to Ga from the semiconductor substrate diffusing into the implant mask. In an embodiment, the implant mask may be removed using one or more wet etchant(s), for instance, HF, BOE, or hot phosphoric acid. In some embodiments, a combination of wet etching and dry etching (e.g. F-based for Si₃N₄ or Cl-based for Al₂O₃) may be used. In an embodiment, the sheet resistance of the activated implant in the contact regions may be between about 75 and 150 ohms per square. In other embodiments, the sheet resistance of the implant in the contact regions may between about 50 and about 300 ohms per square.

Referring again FIG. 12 and to act 1208, the surface of the semiconductor substrate may be passivated using techniques analogous to those of acts 602 and 604 of FIG. 6. As in act 602 of FIG. 6, in an embodiment, passivation of the surface begins with the deposition of an etch stop dielectric layer on the surface across the active area in the act 1208. The materials (e.g., Al₂O₃) and thicknesses are analogous to those of act 602 of FIG. 6, and for the sake of brevity, are not repeated here. As with act 604 of FIG. 6, the surface passivation continues with the deposition of a passivation layer on the etch stop dielectric layer. As with act 604 of FIG. 6, passivation layer may include Si₃N₄ deposited via a LPCVD procedure. The details of the passivation layer follow those described in act 604 of FIG. 6 and are omitted here for the sake of brevity.

Referring now to act 1210 of FIG. 12, ohmic contact areas may be defined by dry etching the LPCVD Si₃N₄ of the passivation layer and wet etching of the Al₂O₃ etch stop layer. The patterning and etching of the Si₃N₄ passivation layer and etch layer follow the same procedures as those outlined in acts 608 and 610 of FIG. 6, and for the sake of brevity, are omitted here.

Referring now to act 1212 of FIG. 12, in some embodiments, the formation of the ohmic contact may include creating a recess in the contact region formed in semiconductor substrate before the evaporation of ohmic contact materials. In an embodiment, the recess may be formed using Cl-based or other suitable etch chemistries for etching GaN and/or AlGaN and may have a recess etch depth between about 2 nm and 20 nm. In an embodiment, the recess etch may begin at the surface and extend through the cap layer. In other embodiments, the recess may extend partially into the AlGaN barrier layer. In other embodiments, the recess etch may extend below the AlGaN barrier layer. In other embodiments Cl-based chemistry (e.g. BCl₃ or Cl) may be combined with F-based chemistry (e.g. SF₆ or C₂F₆) to create the recess in GaN and/or AlGaN and stop on a layer with high Al in the barrier layer such as an AlN interbarrier layer. Alternative or additional materials may be used, including the use of silicon tetrachloride to etch into the recess.

Referring again to act 1212 of FIG. 12 and, according to an embodiment, one or more ohmic contact metals and/or other materials (e.g., Ti, Al, Ni, Mo, and Au where Ti may contact the semiconductor substrate), may be deposited in the opening and over the contact regions. For example, the procedure may include evaporating Si to cover the surface of the semiconductor substrate in the contact area before the one or more metals may be evaporated, thereby forming a silicide at the interface. Once the metal layers are deposited, a lift-off is implemented to remove the photoresist and metals from outside of the ohmic contact areas. Formation of the ohmic contacts may then include the implementation of an anneal procedure. In one embodiment, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 500° C. In another embodiment, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 600° C. In still other embodiments, the ohmic metal layers are annealed at less than 750° C. The anneal time is optimized to reduce ohmic contact resistance and may last between about 10 and about 900 seconds or between about 30 and 60 seconds, although shorter or longer times may be used. In some embodiments, alternative materials may be used. For example, Ta may be evaporated as a first metal layer instead of Ti. In an embodiment, the contact resistance of the annealed ohmic contact electrodes may between about 0.1 and about 0.3 ohm-mm. In other embodiments, the contact resistance of the annealed ohmic contact electrodes may between about 0.05 and about 1 ohm-mm.

Referring again to act 1212 of FIG. 12, and analogously with the act 612 of FIG. 6, the configuration, materials, and other characteristics of the ohmic contacts may be selected to allow the anneal temperature to stay below the crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer. In an embodiment, implementing the anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than 750° C. may avoid such crystallization and thus the creation of leakage paths. In other embodiments, implementing the anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than 600° C. may avoid such crystallization and thus the creation of leakage paths. In still other embodiments, implementing the anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than 500° C. may avoid such crystallization and thus the creation of leakage paths. The annealing temperature may thus be set between about 500° C. and about 750° C. a range in which low-temperature ohmic contact configurations remain available. In some embodiments, the anneal temperature is between about 650° C. and about 750° C. to match the temperature of the LPCVD procedure of act 1208 described above.

Referring now to act 1214 of FIG. 12, in an embodiment, isolation regions may be formed to define the active area. In an embodiment, the isolation regions may be formed after the ohmic contacts are formed as in act 1212. In other embodiments, the isolation regions may be formed before the ohmic contacts are formed. According to an embodiment, the isolation regions may be formed using the ion implantation and/or etching techniques described in conjunction with act 606 of FIG. 6, and for the sake of brevity, are not repeated here.

FIG. 7 shows a number of acts directed to form a gate of the device. A gate area is defined in act 614 by patterning a photoresist layer and dry etching the Si₃N₄ passivation layer. The RIE procedure may define the stem of the gate. Any one of the plasma etchants referenced above may be used, such that the etch is again stopped by the Al₂O₃ layer. In some embodiments, the etch stop dielectric layer may then be removed in the gate area in act 616 via a wet etch procedure using one of the wet etchants referenced above. In other embodiments, the etch stop dielectric layer is not removed (see, e.g., the embodiment of FIG. 10). In such cases, a separate cleaning procedure, e.g., using dilute HCl at room temperature or other cleaning compound that minimally etches the Al₂O₃ layer, may be used to clean the device surface prior to gate metal deposition. A gate contact is then formed in act 618 in the gate area to form either a Schottky gate or a metal-insulator gate. One or more gate metal layers may be deposited via evaporation, sputtering, or other techniques. In one embodiment, the gate metals include Nickel (Ni) and Gold (Au), with an optional Palladium (Pd) layer deposited on the Ni—Au structure. The gate metal layer(s) may also be deposited on the ohmic contact structures as shown. A metal lift-off procedure is then implemented in act 620 to remove the photoresist layer.

FIG. 8 shows a number of acts directed to completing the fabrication of the device. Multiple cross-sections are depicted for a number of the acts. In act 622, a first device passivation layer is deposited via, for instance, a SiN sputtering procedure. Other procedures may be used, including, for instance, PECVD, ICP, ECR-based deposition techniques. A field plate is defined via deposition of a metal layer in act 624. The first device passivation layer is etched in act 626 to define further metal layer areas. A metal layer is deposited in act 628 and a second device passivation layer is deposited in act 630.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary method of device fabrication in accordance with an embodiment in which the etch stop dielectric layer is patterned after being deposited on the surface of the semiconductor substrate, as shown in connection with act 900. The etch stop dielectric layer is patterned in the active area to expose one or more portions of the active area in which another dielectric layer, e.g., a Si₃N₄ layer, is used to passivate the surface. The one or more portions of the active area are disposed over the channel of the device, e.g., between the gate and one or both of the ohmic contacts, as described above.

A passivation layer including, for instance, Si₃N₄, is then deposited across the active area in act 902. The passivation layer is disposed on the remaining portions of the etch stop dielectric layer in some areas and between such portions on the surface of the semiconductor substrate in the exposed areas. A number of procedures may be implemented as part of act 904, including the definition of alignment marks and the active area using an implant isolation procedure as described above. The ohmic contact areas may be defined and opened via dry and wet etch procedures as described above. In the example shown, both of the ohmic contact openings fall within one of the patterned etch stop layers. Other embodiments may have etch stop patterns that correspond or are aligned with the openings, and/or have one or more openings be defined without any etch stop present. The ohmic contacts are then formed in act 906, and may include one or more procedures configured to prevent the crystallization of the etch stop layer as described above.

The process may then continue with the definition of the gate area in act 908 via photoresist patterning and corresponding dry and wet etch procedures to remove the Si₃N₄ layer and the etch stop layer, respectively. A gate contact may then be formed in the gate area in act 910. In this example, the gate contact is a Schottky contact. In an alternative embodiment, the etch stop layer is not removed before the gate contact is formed. The process may include a number of other acts similar to those described above in connection with the previous embodiment to complete the device fabrication.

FIG. 10 depicts a transistor device 150 having a gate 152 disposed in a metal-insulator gate configuration at a surface 154 of a semiconductor substrate 156. The transistor device 150 may thus be configured as a MISFET device. The transistor device 150 may have a number of components and structures in common with the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. For instance, the transistor device 150 includes first and second dielectric layers 158 and 160 as selectively etched surface passivation layers. The first and second dielectric layers 158 and 160 may be configured as described above. In this embodiment, only the first dielectric layer 158 has an opening 162 in which the gate 152 is disposed. The second dielectric layer 160 is disposed between the gate 152 and the surface 154 to establish, the metal-insulator configuration.

The configuration of the MISFET device may vary from the example shown in FIG. 10. For example, the second dielectric layer 160 may be patterned to allow the first dielectric layer 158 to passivate the surface 154 in one or more portions of the active area.

Embodiments of a semiconductor device and methods of fabrication have been disclosed in the foregoing. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device may include a semiconductor substrate configured to include a channel and contact regions formed along a surface of the semiconductor substrate. According to an embodiment, the semiconductor device may further include first and second ohmic contacts supported by the semiconductor substrate, disposed over the contact regions and in ohmic contact with the semiconductor substrate, and spaced from one another for current flow between the first and second ohmic contacts through the channel. The semiconductor device may include first and second dielectric layers supported by the semiconductor substrate wherein at least one of the first and second ohmic contacts extends through respective openings in the first and second dielectric layers, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the second dielectric layer may be disposed between the first dielectric layer and a surface of the semiconductor substrate and the second dielectric layer may include a wet etchable material having an etch selectivity to a dry etchant of the first dielectric layer. According to an embodiment, the semiconductor layer may include a Group III-nitride semiconductor material. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device may also include a gate supported by the semiconductor substrate to control the current flow through the channel. The second dielectric layer may be patterned such that the first dielectric layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate in first and second areas between the gate and the first and second ohmic contacts, respectively, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the semiconductor device may include a gate supported by the semiconductor substrate to control the current flow through the channel, wherein the second dielectric layer is patterned such that the first dielectric layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate in an area between the gate and the first ohmic contact, and wherein the first dielectric layer does not passivate the surface of the semiconductor substrate between the gate and the second ohmic contact. According to an embodiment, at least one of the first and second ohmic contacts may be recessed into and contact the contact regions below the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a recessed portion.

Another embodiment of the inventive subject matter may include a heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) device that includes a semiconductor substrate that includes a base substrate and a Group III nitride semiconductor epitaxial layer supported by the base substrate and configured to include a channel. According to an embodiment, the semiconductor substrate may include at least one contact region formed along a surface of the semiconductor substrate and at least one isolation region defining an active area along a surface of the semiconductor substrate. An embodiment may include an ohmic contact supported by the semiconductor substrate, disposed over the contact regions in the active area, and in ohmic contact with the surface at least one contact region for current flow through the channel. An embodiment may further include a first dielectric layer supported by the semiconductor substrate and extending across the active area and a second dielectric layer disposed between the first dielectric layer and the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a first portion of the active area. In an embodiment, the first and second dielectric layers may include respective openings in which the ohmic contact is disposed. The second dielectric layer may be patterned such that the first dielectric layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a second portion of the active area, according to an embodiment. An embodiment may include a further ohmic contact supported by the semiconductor substrate in the active area, wherein the second portion of the active area abuts the further ohmic contact. According to an embodiment, the HFET device may include a gate supported by the semiconductor substrate in the active area to control the current flow through the channel, wherein the second portion is disposed between the ohmic contact and the gate. The HFET device may include a further ohmic contact supported by the semiconductor substrate in the active area, wherein the second portion is disposed between the further ohmic contact and the gate, and wherein the first dielectric layer does not passivate the surface between the first-named ohmic contact and the gate.

A method of fabricating a semiconductor device has also been disclosed. According to an embodiment, the method may include defining an active area of the semiconductor device along a surface of a semiconductor substrate, forming an implant mask over a surface of the semiconductor substrate, patterning the implant mask to define contact regions, ion implanting a dopant species to create contact regions, activating the dopant species, depositing an etch stop dielectric layer on the surface in the active area, depositing a passivation layer on the etch stop dielectric layer, defining an ohmic contact area by dry etching the passivation layer, removing the etch stop dielectric layer in the ohmic contact area via a wet etch, and forming an ohmic contact in the ohmic contact area. In an embodiment, forming the ohmic contact may include implementing an anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than a crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer. The anneal temperature may be between about 550° C. and about 800° C., according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the method may include pattering the etch stop dielectric layer to expose a portion of the active area such that depositing the passivation layer comprises depositing the passivation layer on the surface in the portion of the active area. According to an embodiment, the semiconductor substrate may include a base substrate and first and second Group III-nitride semiconductor layers epitaxially grown on the base substrate, wherein the first Group III-nitride semiconductor layer may be configured to include the channel. In an embodiment, depositing the etch stop dielectric layer may be implemented in situ with growing the first and second epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layers. The second dielectric layer may include aluminum oxide, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, depositing the passivation layer may include implementing a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at an LPCVD temperature below the crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer. The LPCVD temperature may be between about 670° C. and about 800° C. The method may also include defining a gate area by dry etching the passivation layer and removing the etch stop dielectric layer in the gate area via the wet etch, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the method may also include defining a gate area by dry etching the passivation layer; and patterning the etch stop dielectric layer to expose a portion of the active area between the gate area and the ohmic contact area. The portion may abut the ohmic contact area, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, defining a gate area may include dry etching the passivation layer and forming a gate in the gate area over the etch stop dielectric layer. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor substrate configured to include a channel and contact regions formed along a surface of the semiconductor substrate; first and second ohmic contacts supported by the semiconductor substrate, disposed over the contact regions and in ohmic contact with the semiconductor substrate, and spaced from one another for current flow between the first and second ohmic contacts through the channel; and first and second dielectric layers supported by the semiconductor substrate wherein at least one of the first and second ohmic contacts extends through respective openings in the first and second dielectric layers; a gate having a top portion with an overhang portion that emanates from a corner of the top portion and supported by the semiconductor substrate to control the current flow through the channel; wherein the overhang portion of the gate contacts the first dielectric layer; wherein the second dielectric layer is disposed between the first dielectric layer and the surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein a vertical surface of the first and second ohmic contacts abuts the second dielectric layer; and wherein the second dielectric layer comprises a wet etchable material having an etch selectivity to a dry etchant of the first dielectric layer.
 2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor substrate comprises a Group III-nitride semiconductor material.
 3. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer is patterned such that the first dielectric layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate in first and second areas between the gate and the first and second ohmic contacts, respectively.
 4. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second ohmic contacts are recessed into and contact the contact regions below the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a recessed portion.
 5. A heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) device comprising: a semiconductor substrate comprising a base substrate and a Group III nitride semiconductor epitaxial layer supported by the base substrate and configured to include a channel, the semiconductor substrate further comprising at least one contact region formed along a surface of the semiconductor substrate and at least one isolation region defining an active area along the surface of the semiconductor substrate; an ohmic contact supported by the semiconductor substrate, disposed over the at least one contact region in the active area, and in ohmic contact with the at least one contact region for current flow through the channel; a first dielectric layer supported by the semiconductor substrate and extending across the active area; a second dielectric layer disposed between the first dielectric layer and the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a first portion of the active area; wherein the first and second dielectric layers comprise respective openings in which the ohmic contact is disposed; a gate having a top portion with an overhang portion that emanates from a corner of the top portion toward the first dielectric layer and supported by the semiconductor substrate to control the current flow through the channel; wherein a vertical surface of the ohmic contact abuts the second dielectric layer; and wherein the second dielectric layer is patterned such that the first dielectric layer passivates the surface of the semiconductor substrate in a second portion of the active area.
 6. The HFET device of claim 5, further comprising a further ohmic contact supported by the semiconductor substrate in the active area, wherein the second portion of the active area abuts the further ohmic contact.
 7. The HFET device of claim 5, wherein the second portion is disposed between the ohmic contact and the gate.
 8. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: defining an active area of the semiconductor device along a surface of a semiconductor substrate; forming an implant mask over a surface of the semiconductor substrate; patterning the implant mask to define contact regions; ion implanting a dopant species to create contact regions; activating the dopant species; depositing an etch stop dielectric layer on the surface in the active area; depositing a passivation layer on the etch stop dielectric layer; defining an ohmic contact area by dry etching the passivation layer; removing the etch stop dielectric layer in the ohmic contact area via a wet etch; forming an ohmic contact in the ohmic contact area, wherein a vertical surface of the ohmic contact abuts the etch stop layer, wherein forming the ohmic contact comprises implementing an anneal procedure at an anneal temperature lower than a crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer; and forming a gate supported by the semiconductor substrate in a gate area, wherein forming the gate includes forming an overhang portion that emanates from a corner of a top portion of the gate and toward the passivation layer, and wherein the overhang portion contacts the passivation layer.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the anneal temperature is between about 500° C. and about 800° C.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising patterning the etch stop dielectric layer to expose a portion of the active area such that depositing the passivation layer comprises depositing the passivation layer on the surface in the portion of the active area.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the semiconductor substrate includes a base substrate and first and second Group III-nitride semiconductor layers epitaxially grown on the base substrate, wherein the first Group III-nitride semiconductor layer is configured to include the channel.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein depositing the etch stop dielectric layer is implemented in situ with growing the first and second epitaxial Group III-nitride semiconductor layers.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the second dielectric layer comprises Aluminum oxide.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein depositing the passivation layer comprises implementing a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at an LPCVD temperature below the crystallization temperature of the etch stop dielectric layer.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the LPCVD temperature is between about 600° C. and about 800° C.
 16. The method of claim 8, further comprising: defining the gate area by dry etching the passivation layer; and removing the etch stop dielectric layer in the gate area via the wet etch.
 17. The method of claim 8, further comprising: defining the gate area by dry etching the passivation layer; and patterning the etch stop dielectric layer to expose a portion of the active area between the gate area and the ohmic contact area.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the portion abuts the ohmic contact area.
 19. The method of claim 8, further comprising: defining the gate area by dry etching the passivation layer; and forming the gate in the gate area over the etch stop dielectric layer. 